![]() ![]() Maternal alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP): elevated in 80% of open spina bifida (and normal in most fetuses with closed spina bifida) 15. While it can occur anywhere along the spine 14: Myelomeningocele (mostly open, associated with Chiari II malformation) Open: (80-90%) especially if detected antenatally 4 Myeloschisis (spinal cord is exposed to the environment, absent meningeal/skin covering)Īnother method is based on the position, either anterior (ventral) or posterior (dorsal). The vast majority of cases are of dorsal spina bifida. Spina bifida aperta without cystica (meningocele) Spina bifida aperta/ spina bifida operta: defect can be open or closed (commoner) One method is according to the extent of the defect and is as: There are many ways of classifying a spina bifida. Intake of adequate amounts of folic acid plays a protective role. Spina bifida is failure of the normal development of the neural tube. The etiology is often multifactorial with both genetic and environmental factors considered to play a role. Spinal or lower limb deformities including neuropathic (Charcot) arthropathy Neurenteric cysts: particularly with ventral spina bifidaĪ constellation of features can occur and these depend on the severity of spina bifida and any associated CNS defects. Trisomy 18: considered the most common associated aneuploidic anomalyįetal hydrocephalus/ fetal ventriculomegaly: can be present in up to 70% of cases with an open spina bifidaĬongenital hip dislocation/ developmental dysplasia of the hip AssociationsĪssociated anomalies can occur in up to 40% of cases (especially if detected antenatally). ![]() The estimated incidence is at 1:1000-2000 live births 2. However, most commonly it is used as a synonym or subset of spinal dysraphism. Spina bifida in its strictest sense means defective fusion of the vertebral posterior elements, leading to a bifid osseous configuration of the spine 16. ![]()
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